Coastline Artificialization

Let's review the test:

Question 1

The most correct answer is b.
The coastline artificialization is the modification, and the loss, of the natural coast fitted by manmade structures. It is a consequence of the population growth along coastal regions.

Bibliography
https://surfrider.eu/en/learn/blog/land-artificialisation-of-coastal-areas-1211211203652.html

Question 2

The most correct answer is c .
The littorization is the phenomenon of mass population concentration in coastal regions. The coastline is a more and more attracted area which is particularly small, in comparison to the number of inhabitants it accommodates, and insufficiently resilient (i.e. something that offers great shock resistance) because of its continuous transformation with losses and irreversible damages.

Bibliography
https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/public_path/shared_folder/projects/DIS4ME/issues/issue_littoralisation.htm

Question 3

The most correct answer is c.
The risks of coastal artificialization are non-exhaustive: sea level rise, submersions, erosion and coastline retreat, cities subsidence (i.e. collapse of the earth's crust), loss of biodiversity, floods, storms… Climate change is an aggravating factor which accentuates the degradation of the coastline. Both coastal artificialization and climate change contribute to the mentioned risks.

Bibliography
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/state_coast.htm

Question 4

The most correct answer is a.
The shellfish farming is a service provided by the coastal ecosystem which consists in the growth of clams and oysters. The shellfish supply is used for human consumption and professional use.

Bibliography
https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/project/shellfish-aquaculture-in-the-nerrs-ecosystem-services/

Question 5

The most correct answer is c.
The coastline mobility (i.e. variation of the boundary between the land and the sea) depends on a high number of interacting factors which explain why the coastal change is highly variable. Among all factors, the shoreline accretion (i.e. agglomeration of matter) and erosion play a major role.

Bibliography
https://www.college-de-france.fr/media/en-anny-cazenave/UPL4346067024251070681_M_Garcin___The_driving_factors_of_coastal_evolution_towards_a_systemic_approach.pdf

Question 6

The most correct answer is c.
The coastal cities are sustainable when they optimize long-term resource-based choices, considering the fragility of coastal ecosystems (i. e. a whole formed by a community of living beings interacting with its environment) and landscapes, the diversity of activities and uses, their interactions, as well as their impacts on both the marine and the terrestrial.

Bibliography
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/index_en.htm